In healthy adults, 14 days of nicotinamide riboside (NR) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), but not nicotinamide (Nam), raised whole-blood NAD+ about 2-fold vs placebo (primary endpoint); a gut-microbial conversion mechanism was supported only by ex vivo experiments.
Source: The differential impact of three different NAD+ boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Christen S, Redeuil K, Goulet L, et al. Nature Metabolism. 2026;8(1):62-73. doi:10.1038/s42255-025-01421-8. Trial NCT05517122
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